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Fatima Begum ‘Arzu’

Fatima​​ ​Begum ‘Arzu’ (1879–1966) was a pioneering scholar, educationist, and social reformer who made foundational contributions to Muslim women’s education in early 20th-century India. Born in Mecca to the distinguished...

Hanifa Begum ‘Abru’

Hanifa Begum (1881–1943), known by her pen name ‘Abru’, was a pioneering Indian feminist, educationist, and social reformer in the early 20th century. A gifted orator, poet, and prose writer, she was also the sister of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, with...